Philosophy of Science

A. Understanding Philosophy of Science


To understand the meaning and philosophy of science, under this proposed definition of philosophy of science from several experts who summarized in the Philosophy of Science, organized by Ismaun (2001)
Robert Ackerman "philosophy of science in one aspect as a Critique of current scientific opinions by comparison to proven past views, but Such aphilosophy of science is clearly not a discipline autonomous of actual scientific paractice." (Philosophy of science in an aspect is a critical review of scientific opinions today with a comparison against the criteria developed from such opinions, but the philosophy of science is clearly not an independent branch of science from the actual scientific practice.
Lewis White Beck "Philosophy of science questions and evaluates the methods of scientific thinking and tries to determine the value and significance of scientific enterprise as a whole. (Philosophy of science questions and evaluate the methods of scientific thinking and try to find and the importance of scientific enterprise as a whole)
A. Cornelius Benjamin "That philosopic disciplined with the which is the systematic study of the nature of science, especially of its methods, its concepts and presuppositions, and its place in the general scheme of intellectual discipines. (Branch of philosophical knowledge which is a systematic study of science, particularly his methods, concepts and prejudice-prejudice, as well as its location within the general framework of the branches of intellectual knowledge.)
Michael V. Berry "The study of the inner logic if scientific theories, and the Relations Between Experiment and theory, ie of scientific methods ". (Review of the inner logic of scientific theories and the relations between experiment and theory, which is about the scientific method.)
May Brodbeck "Philosophy of science is the ethically and philosophically neutral analysis, description, and clarifications of science." (Neutral analysis of ethical and philosophical, delineation and explanation of the foundation - the foundation of science.
Peter Caws "Philosophy of science is a part of philosophy, the which attempts to do for science what philosophy in general does for the whole of human experience. Philosophy does two Sorts of thing: on the other hand, it constructs theories about man and the universe, and offers Them as Grounds for belief and action, on the other, it critically examines everything That May be Offered as a ground for belief or action , Including its own theories, with a view to the elimination of inconsistency and error. (Philosophy of science is a part of philosophy, which attempts to do for science what philosophy generally does for the whole of human experience. Philosophy does two things: on the one hand, this construct theories about man and the universe, and serve as foundations for belief and action; on the other hand, philosophy critically examine everything that can be presented as a basis for belief or action, including his own theories, with the hope of elimination ketakajegan and error
Stephen R. Toulmin "As a discipline, the philosophy of science attempts, first, to elucidate the elements involved in the process of scientific inquiry observational procedures, patens of arguments, methods of representation and calculation, metaphysical presuppositions, and so on and then to veluate the Grounds of Their validity from the points of view of formal logic, practical methodology and Metaphysics ". (As a discipline, philosophy of science to try to first explain the elements involved in the process of scientific investigation procedures of observation, perbinacangan patterns, reimbursement methods and calculations, pre-supposition-metaphysical pre-supposition, and so on and then assess the foundations for the mistakes of the corners of a review of formal logic, practical methodology, and metaphysics).

Based on the above opinions we get a view that the philosophy of science is the study of philosophical want to answer questions about the nature of science, which in terms of ontological, nor aksiologisnya epistemelogis. In other words, the philosophy of science is a part of epistemology (philosophy of knowledge) which specifically mengakaji nature of science, such as:
What objects are reviewed science? What about the essential shape of the object? How did the relationship between objects with human comprehension that led to knowledge? (Platform ontological)
What is the process that allows drew knowledge of science? How is the procedure? What things to watch out for mendakan knowledge that true? What is the criteria? What is truth? Are there any criteria? Method / technique / tool what helps us in getting knowledge of science? (The foundation of epistemological)
To what form of knowledge that science be used? How do I use the connection between the moral rules? How is the determination of objects that can be studied based on moral choices? How the link between procedural technique which is the operationalization of the scientific method with the norms of moral / professional? (Platform axiological). (Jujun S. Suriasumantri, 1982)

B. Function Philosophy of Science

Philosophy of science is a branch of philosophy. Therefore, the function of philosophy of science would not be separated from the function of philosophy as a whole, namely:
As a means of seeking the truth of all phenomena.
Maintain, support and fight or stand neutral on the other philosophical views.
Provides understanding of the way of life, outlook on life and worldview.
Providing moral and ethical teachings of the useful in life
A source of inspiration and guidance for life in various aspects of life itself, such as economics, politics, law and so forth. Excerpted from Agraha Suhandi (1989)

While Ismaun (2001) suggests the function of philosophy of science is to provide a philosophic basis for understanding the concepts and theories to share something of disciplines and provide the ability to build a scientific theory. Next is said also, that the philosophy of science grew into two functions, namely: a confirmatory theories which attempt to decrypt the normative relationship between hypotheses with evidence and theory of explanation that seeks to explain various phenomena in a simple large or small.

C. The substance of the Philosophy of Science

The study of substance Philosophy of Science, Ismaun (2001) expose it in four parts, namely a substance with respect to: (1) fact or reality, (2) truth (truth), (3) confirmation and (4) logic inference.

1.Fakta or reality

Fact or reality has a sense of a diverse, depending on the underlying philosophical viewpoint.
Positivistic view that something real if there is correspondence between the sensual sensual one with another.
Fenomenologik have two-way development of the understanding of this reality. First, it leads to the theory of correspondence is a correspondence between ideas with the phenomenon. Secondly, leading to the coherence of morality, the adjustment of the phenomena with value system.
Rationalistic regard a as a real, if there is coherence between the empirical to the rational scheme, and
Metaphysical realism, argues that the real thing when there coherence between empiri the objective.
Pragmatism have an existing view that it is functioning.

On the other hand, Lorens Good (1996) gives an account of objective facts and scientific facts. Objective facts of the event, phenomenon or part of reality which is the object of human activity or practical knowledge. While the scientific fact is a reflection of objective facts in human consciousness. The definition of reflection is a description of objective facts in a particular language. Scientific fact is the theoretical basis for the building. Without these facts the theoretical building was impossible. Scientific fact inseparable from the language expressed in the terms and collection of scientific facts to form a scientific description.

2. Truth (truth)

Indeed, there are various theories about the formulation of truth. But traditionally, we know of three theories of truth is coherence, correspondence and pragmatic (Jujun S. Suriasumantri, 1982). Meanwhile, Michel William introducing five theories of truth in science, namely: the truth of coherence, correspondence truth, truth performative, pragmatic truth and the truth of the proposition. In fact, Noeng Muhadjir add one more theory that is paradigmatic truth. (Ismaun; 2001)

a. Truth coherence

Truth coherence that is the suitability or harmony between something else with something that has a hierarchy that is higher than anything these elements, either in the form of schemes, systems, or any value. This coherence can be on the order of sensual rational transcendental want anything on the plains.

b.Kebenaran correspondence

Thinking correctly korespondensial is proven something to think about it is relevant to something else. Koresponsdensi proved the existence of relevant events or counterclockwise direction in line between the facts with facts that are expected, between the facts with the belief that it is believed, that are specific

c.Kebenaran performative

When the human mind brings together everything in the view of any actual and unite behind them, both theoretical, practical, and the philosophic, one explores the truth of the actual display. Something is true if it can diaktualkan in action.

d.Kebenaran pragmatic

The truth is that concrete, the individual and specific and has a practical utility.

e.Kebenaran proposition

The proposition is a statement that contains many complex concepts, which range from a subjective to an objective individual. A truth can be obtained if the true propositions. In Aristotelian logic, a proposition is true is that if in accordance with the formal requirements of a proposition. Another opinion that is from Euclid, that proposition is true not viewed from the right formally, but viewed from the right material.

paradigmatic structural f.Kebenaran

Indeed this paradigmatic structural truth is the development of correspondence truth. Until now the regression analysis, factor analysis, and other advanced statistical analysis are interpreted in correspondence with each other element. And should the overall structural system that relationship is understood, because it will be able to give explanation or inference that is more comprehensive.

3.Konfirmasi

The function of science is to explain, predict processes and products to come, or give meaning. Meaning it can be viewed as absolute confirmation or probalistik. Showing absolute confirmation usually use assumptions, postulates, or axioma which has been ascertained properly. But it is not wrong when making explicit the assumptions and postulatnya. Meanwhile, to make explanations, predictions, or purport to pursue probabilistic certainty can be reached by inductive, deductive, or reflective.

4.Logika inference

Logic inference that long until the quarter-final influential twentieth century is the logic of mathematics, a master of positivism. Positivistic view of truth is correspondence between the facts. Phenomenology Russell showing correspondence between trusted with facts. Belief in Russell does contain a moral, but still be specific, yet there is a clear moral scheme, not the general conclusion that the research is a case of inference or conclusion ideographic.

Post-positivistic and rationalistic view of truth coherent between rational, coherent scheme, the ratio between facts, phenomena Bogdan and Guba show coherence between facts with the truth of the moral scheme. Popper's metaphysical realism featuring universal rational truth paradigmatic structural and Noeng Muhadjir introduce metaphysical realism by displaying the structural kebenaranan transensden paradigmatic moral. (Ismaun, 200:9)

On the other hand, Jujun Suriasumantri (1982:46-49) explains that the new conclusion is considered valid if the conclusion was made by a certain way, which is based on logic. By and large, the logic is divided into 2 parts, the logic of induction and deduction logic.

D. Variety of shades and Philosophy of Science

Ismaun (2001:1) reveals several shades range of philosophy of science, including:
Philosophy of social sciences that developed in three varieties, namely: (1) meta-ideology, (2) meta-physical and (3) methodological disciplines.
Philosophy of technology shifts from CE (conditions-Ends) become means. Technology is no longer seen as ends, but rather as an extension of human ideas.
Philosophy of art / aesthetics latest product placed art or beauty as one of the tri-partit, namely cultural, cognitive domain product and the product of practical reason.

Purely cognitive domain products appear to meet criteria: real, true, and logical. When ethics are included, it is necessary coupled with a coherent moral. Product practical reasons appear to meet criteria for Operations, efficient and productive. If ethics should be augmented human.manusiawi included, do not exploit other people, or more extended again to not damage the environment.

Bibliography

Achmad Sanusi,. (1998), philosophy Science, Scientific Theory and Method: The Pearl-Picking and Concocting scattered pearls, paper, London: PPS-IKIP Bandung.

Achmad Sanusi, (1999), Turning Point Paradigm Discourse Studies: Implications for Education, Paper, Jakarta: High MajelisPendidikan Muhammadiyah.

Agraha Suhandi, Drs., SHM., (1992), Philosophy As Art for the Asking, (college textbooks), Bandung: Bandung, Padjadjaran University Faculty of Literature.

Filsafat_Ilmu,

Ismaun, (2001), Philosophy of Science, (college textbooks), Bandung: UPI Bandung.

Jujun S. Suriasumantri, (1982), philosophy Science: An Introduction to Popular, Jakarta: Sinar Harapan.

Mantiq, .

Moh. Nazir, (1983), Research Methods, Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia

Imaduddin Mohammed Abdulrahim, (1988), Lecture Tawhid, Bandung: Yayasan Pembina Sari Insanity (Yaasin)

History of Islam in Java

The situation of Indonesian society, especially in Java Island before the arrival of Islam, life is influenced by the caste system / distinction grade class. So the life of the community divided.
And because they belong to higher caste was not allowed to make friends with the lower castes. Castes which existed at the time it is, start supreme; 1. Brahmins, 2. Caste Knights, 3. Caste Vaishya, 4. Sudra caste.
After Islam came in, little by little castes began to disappear. According to historians, Islam arrived in the island of Java around the XI century AD. Brought by traders from Arabia and spread by the preacher from North Aceh.
The area was first visited the northern coast of East Java. And in the end developed by Maulana Malik ibrahim in Gresik.
Over time, the aggregate of the scholars who called Wali Sanga. The development of Islam in Java at that time can not be separated from the services of our guardians of Wali Sanga.

About Me

BADAR JATI is a supernatural Circle focuses on energy Practice (wirid), ritual behavior is combined with modern psychotherapy (typical of Badr TEAK) with confidence on the power of God Almighty. TEAK NamaBADAR itself is taken from the word of Badr which in Arabic means 'Full Moon', in Javanese means 'Bar' (Done). The meaning of both is essentially the same. That is 'end point'. While TEAK taken from the word 'True', meaning truth / fact, So Badr TEAK meaningful learning until the actual end point (scientific concepts). With the guidance of Badr TEAK Metaphysics is no longer a difficult thing for you to mempelajarinya.BADAR TEAK also consists of abbreviations of words and as a motto, namely "build the & true spiritual." That is, Badr TEAK aimed at improving the quality of power (physical, force) and Spiritual (soul, mental) to the members until the end point / maximum levels with the truth.

While the concept of learning is the basic level, level 1 (one), level 2 (two), and the last level of 3 (three).

Depth

Elementary Level

At this level the training process for extracting energy only. Applied for 3 (three) months. It is intended for preparation to the next level. And all that is in Badr Science TEAK originated from this level.
Level 1 (one)

At this level, members must select one of science who want to master. Advisors will guide him in accordance with these studies. If it is realized, the member is entitled up to the next level.
Level 2 (two)

At this level, members are required to study the 5 (five) kinds of knowledge. And as a condition for entry to the next level.
Level 3 (three)

This rate is the rate of improvement from the previous level.
Note:
All depends on perseverance and discipline each - respectively.


All the existing process ...!!!

Email ; ghaibsupranatural@gmail.com
Telp. ; 085646147444 / 081259526444

Hunches ears buzzing

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Likely to face problems
Pk. 03:00 - Pk. 05:00
It would have been a long time
Pk. 05.00 - Pk. 07:00
Will the arrival of guests
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Pk. 11.00 - Pk. 13:00
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Will be happy
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Will travel.
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Will be lost.
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Just to watch - watch ...

Learn Adsense

Many are desperate to adsense, but many still spirit. Adsense is a PPC (pay per click) product google, the most popular to seek dollars from the Internet.

Many friends who move to another online business, I was still wrestling in the PPC business adsense because in my opinion for Beginners who want to try online business Adsense is quite educational choices also teach us about the Importance of Honesty in business. :
1. We are taught to create a blog / web either free or pay.
2. We have to create an email and sign up to google to show your blog / web.
3. If it's approved then we could just put an ad on our website, with copy and paste the code that google already provide.
4. The next Well just do promotional either free or pay for many visitors to our blog.
5. But do not forget to always update the content of our blog and avoid Copy and paste the nude
(Copy pate nude means without the edit directly copied to the web) could get in trouble later.


Source;
sumintar.com

Seo History

Webmasters and search engines

Since 1997 the company realized that several search engines [webmaster] (website manager) do everything to be indexed at the top of search results, including in ways that manipulative and illegal. Infoseek, one of the first generation search engines, make improvements in their algorithms to prevent manipulation by "meta tags" are not relevant.

However, in some ways the search engines are also aware of the great economic value of the ranking of search results, and they sometimes have vested interests of the SEO company's activities. Some search engine companies to send representatives or be a guest at events held regularly SEO community.

Major search engines like Google and Yahoo to provide programs and guidance that enables webmasters to optimize their site for well indexed. Google provides Webmaster Tool application (you must have a Google account in order to see this tool) and introduces an XML-based sitemap their standards, while Yahoo! provide Site Explorer program (also must login with your Yahoo! user account) that enables webmasters register the URL of the site, check the number of their web pages have been indexed in the data-base Yahoo, and view information of incoming links. However, search engines do not tolerate SEO methods are manipulative and justifies any means.


Ethics and legality

PageRank system, although applying a complex algorithm, later also no longer fully able to deal with tricks and manipulation. A number of webmasters and SEO practitioners have developed several methods that take advantage of how the PageRank of web pages for their clients are at the first rank search results. Google has officially banned the use of some illegal techniques such as link farming, doorway pages, keyword stuffing, and auto-generated pages or scraper pages. Site or SEO services that remain menggunakanannya danger will be removed from the search index.

The threat of Google and other search engines rather than just snapping. Some companies SEO services and their clients who do not heed the ban was to receive a serious penalty for their illegal acts. In 2005, Matt Cutts of Google says that the URL of an SEO firm called Traffic Power and their clients have been removed from Google index for using illegal SEO techniques. Another famous case was when Google in February 2006 to remove the company's web site BMW and Ricoh Germany from the list because of proven SEO methods are manipulative. BMW and Ricoh immediately apologized to Google and improve their sites. Google then re-enter their web site into the search index. But the scandal still leaves a bad image and embarrassing for both companies.

Under the official guide the search engines, SEO is not illegal technique along the process follow the ethics and rules. This is to ensure each website to obtain equal opportunity in the search, and ranking is done by an objective, where the greatest role in determining the ranking of a web page is the quality and benefits for Internet users.
[Edit] Notable figures SEO

In addition to Google's founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin, some people become a respected figure and his opinions about the business becomes the reference search engines and SEO.


Danny Sullivan

Former LA Times reporter who founded the Search Engine Watch web site that highlights the active business development and search engine technology. Now he is actively writing and make reports on Search Engine Land.

Matt Cutts

Programmer and former employees of the NSA (National Security Agency) United States who joined Google in 2001 and currently heads the team of Google's spam prevention. Besides a Google employee, Matt Cutts is a prominent blogger. The articles on his blog a reference SEO practitioners from around the world, because his blog is often the first source of any information on the development of Google's search technology. Matt Cutts is often regarded as the unofficial spokesperson for Google.

Vannesa Fox

Former Google employee. Vannesa known among webmasters as a drafter and project programmer who heads Google's Webmaster Central.


International marketing strategy

Business and SEO services to grow rapidly in line with the growth of the web, which led to a site should try harder to address more easily found among the millions of visitors of another site addresses from all over the world who become competitors. The search engine is the main entrance, because Internet users are no longer able to memorize millions of websites, and instead they rely on search results from Google, Yahoo, Bing, and other search engines.

Being at the top or at least the first page of search results for certain subjects to give a double benefit for the company marketing via the internet:
Opportunities for prospective customers visiting their web sites become larger. This can lead to increased conversion rates of regular visitors into buyers.
Located on the first rank search results give a good image and reputation for a site in the eyes of visitors.

Search engines generally do not seek profit directly from organic search results. Operating revenues they gained from the ads displayed on the top or side of the organic search results. Companies are less successful SEO strategy so that website addresses are not in the top position in organic search results can still get visitors by advertising on the search engine.

At Google, advertising can be done through Google AdWords. Google AdWords establishes a mechanism to pay per click or pay-per-click, meaning that for every ad clicked by visitors, advertisers will be charged, the amount of which varies depending on the bidding process (bidding) keywords to be done by the advertiser.


Source;
Wikipedia

Metaphysics Hypnosis

Please note, not always the magical power of the negative. Judging from the positive side, the power hypnosis be positive because it has the ability to soften and awaken others. In a private television, appeared the figure of Mr. X. Mr X admitted using the power of hypnosis. Consequently, potential victims lost consciousness and by when asked to hand some money or jewelry. And after what happened last, the victim realized. When the instructions of God began to enlighten his heart, before the students of a pesantren, Mr. X ordered that the students do not abuse the prayer or the practice-practice (wirid) given to the teachers. Unique phenomenon makes the other person loses consciousness, by the layman termed as hypnotic and until now still a question mark, is it true that the activity of pure magical or communicate solely shrewdness. Regardless of the elements of magic, deception mode or "street hypnosis" was more dominated communication techniques and skill in selecting potential victims. Modus too monotonous, "that that's it." For instance, said tourists ran out of dollars and offers luxury watches, said donors are looking for beach homes, smart people who can double the money, dividing the treasure, and so on. In the action, they are often assisted by an assistant. And the perpetrators of "street hypnosis" is generally not familiar with modern hypnosis (scientific), but without them knowing it, the way they work almost like the principles of modern hypnosis. Namely, starting from creating a pre-induction, induction, tranche-level test, isolation, suggestions, and post Hypnos. But on the other hand, appears unique phenomenon that is really hard to accept common sense. But the work of "street hypnosis" was closer to the concept Occultisme and Magnetism. But the phenomenon difficult to resist, because the evidence is really there. Badr TEAK only teaches scientific hypnosis that you often see on television. For extreme street hypnosis or that people say hypnosis, we do not serve the learning. Please understand ...

Energy metaphysics

Research on the phenomenon of "street hypnosis" had been done in the 80s. Apparently, what is known as "hypnosis" that, from the science of metaphysics is the development or misuse of science hypnosis metafisika, which originally should have good and for good. Mystical, whatever the flow is believed behind the man physically stored energy. The human brain consists of billions of nerve cells can generate weak electric currents radiate electromagnetic waves smooth. The brain is trained to have the power of waves which can affect the surroundings.
According to experts metafisaka, a ritual can cause brain power (mind power) so it can radiate energy. This process is commonly done by instilling "self hypnosis" (auto-suggestion) where in the brain wave state alpha - theta through specific readings (wirid, mantra, prayer) to arise a strong suggestion. Ritual generate magnetic power that has refused and interesting characteristics. This is then referred to as the power of metaphysics. Magical phenomena through "the power of the eye" is also mentioned in the Qur'an commentary Alqalam Letter: 51 "And verily those who disbelieve it's really almost derail you (Muhammad) with their views, when they heard the magazine ...."
This event can be listened to on the commentary Jalalain by Imam Jalaluddin Abd As - Suyuti,: With a view of the strong, to nearly memingsankan and drop from your place, but God helped. The meaning of "looking" is a sharp look full of hatred. Science "acuity eye" at the time of the Prophet Muhammad dominated much of Bani Asad. With 3 days of fasting, they can make animals and humans sleep, stiffness and even death. This strength is by a layman considered hypnosis. The separation between the hypnotic and magnetic actually been done since the century - 18. And that means modern hypnosis to be distinguished by smell things magical. Especially from kerjanyapun different ways. Modern hypnosis only react if there is willingness on the part of the subject (usually for the benefit of therapy), while the magical programmed to affect the people who fight though.

Auto suggestion

The position of certain spells or readings in an effort to generate the magnetic body is a "tool". Mantra is not the only source of power. If modern is concentrated on verbal hypnotic suggestion, metaphysical energy in influencing other people / subjects, more concentrated on the energy that emanates from the soft body owner.
Studying the science of hypnosis do not have to worry about any adverse effects, because all this positive function. Learn the science of any kind to be negative if the science were taught by teachers who provoke his students to commit a crime.
And negative provocation is far more dangerous than the science is learned, any kind of science. Thus, science becomes problematic if it is taught on the poor who can not stand the test and / or rich people who are never satisfied ...